比较过去完成时与一般过去时
1. 过去完成时以过去某时间为起点,表示过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或存在的状态；一般过去时以现在时间为起点,表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。
2. He told me that he had seen the film the day before.他告诉我他前一天看过那个电影了。
The film had already begun when I got to the cinema.我到达电影院时,电影已经开始了。
I read a book last week.上星期我读了一本书。
He died three years ago.他3年前死了。
3. 表示某事继续到过去某时已有一段时间时,用过去完成时；表示两个或两个以上的动作,用and (then),then或but等连接,按照动作发生的顺序表达时,用一般过去时。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1984.他说他从1984年以来一直在那家工厂工作。
The man got up,put on his cap and went away.那人站了起来,戴上帽子走了。
He had lunch and then continued his work.他午饭后继续工作。
She lowered her eyelids,then sprang them open.她低垂着眼睑,然后突然睁开。
4. 表示过去未实现的希望、计划或打算时,用过去完成时。
I had hoped to come here.我本来打算来这的。
I had meant to call you, but I was so busy.我本来想给你打电话的,但是我太忙了。
5. 在间接引语中,以过去完成时代替直接引语中的一般过去时和现在完成时,但如果叙述的是历史事实时,只用一般过去时。
She said that she had seen the film.她说她已看过这部电影了。
He said that he had never been to Tokyo.他说他从来没去过东京。
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.我们老师告诉我们哥伦布是1492年发现美洲的。
6. 由before,after,as soon as等引导的从句中可用过去时来代替过去完成时。
I arrived home before it rained.下雨前我到家了。
He said nothing before he saw Mrs. Smith.见到史密斯夫人之前,他什么也没说。
比较现在完成时与现在完成进行时
1. 在表示“未完成”且与“一段时间”连用时,两者可互换。
We have lived/have been living here for two years.我们已在这儿住了两年了。
2. 在没有“一段时间”状语时,现在完成进行时则强调继续进行,表示“未完成”；而现在完成时则强调结果,表示完成。
I have been reading all the morning.我一上午都在读书。
That fellow has been drinking my wine.那家伙一直在喝我的酒。
He has turned off the light.他已关了灯。
I have written six letters since breakfast.从吃完早饭到现在我已经写了6封信。
动词时态的呼应
在复合句中,某些从句(主要是名词性从句)中谓语动词的时态常受主句谓语动词的影响,此即时态的呼应。
1. 主句谓语动词是现在时态或将来时态,从句谓语动词可用任何所需要的时态。
The story describes how a young man becomes a patriot.这个故事是描述一个青年人如何变成一名爱国者的。
He says that he wants to take them with him.他说他想带着他们。
I'm sure that he won't mind.我确信他不会介意的。
I will tell you how they got/will get the information.我将告诉你他们是怎样/将要怎样得到情报的。
2. 主句谓语动词是过去时态,如从句谓语动词与主句谓语动词的动作同时发生时,从句谓语动词常用一般过去时或过去进行时。
He said they had a very good journey.他说他们旅途很愉快。
I was walking in the street when I met an old friend of mine.我在街上散步时,遇到了一个老朋友。
3. 主句谓语动词是过去时态,如从句谓语动词的动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前时,从句谓语动词用过去完成时。
He told me that he had met my friends the day before.他告诉我早一天他碰见了我的朋友。
He said that he hadn't bought any yet.他说他什么也没买。
He cried that he had found the key.他大声地叫喊找到了钥匙。
4. 主句谓语动词是过去时态,如从句谓语动词不强调一个完成在先的动作,且有具体时间状语或连续动作时,仍可用一般过去时。
When I was a boy,I often went to play in that park.当我是个小孩时,常去那个公园玩。
I sat in the chair and my cat sat on the rug.我坐在椅子上,我的猫坐在地毯上。
5. 主句谓语动词是过去时态,如从句谓语动词的动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之后时,从句谓语动词用过去将来时。
She told me that I would succeed.她说我会成功的。
He said he would see me the next week.他说他下周来看我。
Jacelin said he would go to Shanghai for the holiday.杰斯林说他要去上海度假。
They swore that they would rid the country of its military rulers.他们发誓要为国家除掉军事统治者。
6. 主句谓语动词是过去时态,如从句表示的是真理、规律或事实时,从句谓语动词仍用一般现在时态。
The teacher said the earth goes round the sun.老师说地球绕着太阳转。
Father told me that honest is the best policy.父亲告诉我诚实是上策。
Did he say that the plane takes off at 9 o'clock?他是不是说这次航班9点起飞？
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